Literatue proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literatue - Research Proposal Example Dandyism got bound to an underestimated subset of men who were opposed to surrender their undermining execution of sexual orientation and excellence; it reappeared as a focal piece of society from 1830, with Balzac's Treatise of Elegant Living, and crested towards the century's end with so much figures as Oscar Wilde. So what was British dandyism in this temporary stage from 1790 to 1830? This article will take a gander at Garelick's Rising Star, Cole's â€Å"The Aristocrat in the Mirror†, and the Whartons' The Wits and Beaux of Society to comprehend the dandy's place in mid nineteenth-century society. This proposition will quickly portray the employments of every one of these writings before proceeding to recommend increasingly likely sources. Rising Star: Dandyism, Gender and Performance in the Fin de Siecle was composed by Rhonda K. Garelick in 1998, and centers around the parts of dandyism which have thrived into one of the topics of twenty-first century VIP. In her presen tation she perceives dandies as â€Å"sexually ambiguous† (3) and â€Å"double-sex beings† (5), in a way which suggests that dandyism was undermined by the very presence of womanhood.

Analysis of Challenges in International Management free essay sample

Investigation of Challenges in International Management† Abstract The accompanying article examination the difficulties in International Management with specific respect to the test of â€Å"culture† in worldwide business as it is the must hard to manage and being fundamental for victories in a wide scope of worldwide administration assignments these days and later on. Presentation Today effective universal administration requires in excess of a great deal of preferred customer credits or prepared ostracize directors. In any case, what are those select difficulties of worldwide administration in today’s world? The significance of worldwide administration is continually expanding, as we exist in reality as we know it where globalization is influencing the conventional fringes in a wide scope of zones. †¢Trade and venture, †¢Economic partnerships, †¢The universal stage players, and †¢The workplace are evolving quickly, being upheld by the expanding refinement and lower cost of data innovation. World exchange and speculations are developing quick (the volume of world exchange among nations has developed at a normal rate over 8% since 2005 (WTO 2008)), connecting the economies and making openings and dangers. We will compose a custom exposition test on Investigation of Challenges in International Management or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page New, solid and constrained contenders are originating from creating countries in Asia and the changing economies of Eastern Europe. Moreover, the continually rising degree of remote direct speculation additionally has a globalizing impact (Thomas 2002). Also, the rise of the unhindered commerce territories radically diminished customary financial limits. So do the three biggest gatherings, the EU, the NAFTA, and the APEC, represent about portion of the world’s exchange (Cullen 2002) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) presently has 140 part countries, expecting to diminish taxes and change exchange. Be that as it may, globalization additionally influences the workplaces inside associations. Changes include reductions, group based administration developments and privatization. For example, there can be industrial facility closings, as Nokia shutting their German plant in Bochum moving to Romania, on account of less expensive work. All things considered, as one key result of globalization, worldwide chiefs these days need to confront a progressively powerful, intricate, serious and questionable condition and need aptitudes (as a worldwide outlook or the capacity to work with individuals from various foundation) not considered fundamental for household just administrators. The earth of universal administration can be partitioned into †¢economic, †¢legal, †¢political, and †¢cultural factors (Thomas 2002). So for settling on choices it is fundamental to comprehend the financial systems of the nations in or with one needs to lead business with, in light of the fact that degree of monetary turn of events and personal satisfaction contrasts incredibly around the world. Besides, there are different national sovereign laws and guidelines existing on the planet which must be watched and offered leeway for. Furthermore, moreover, there are a few assortments of political frameworks (e. g. , religious despotism in Saudi Arabia), containing various degrees of political dangers which must be overseen. For example, leaders need to ready to appraise the level of hazard related with a government’s inclusions in business undertakings relying upon attributes of their organization. Every one of these variables present noteworthy difficulties worldwide administration needs to confront. Be that as it may, the administration challenge of culture and its impacts on strategic approaches and associations is one of the most hard to manage. As leading business with individuals from different societies will never be simple you need to see how culture influences the executives and associations. â€Å"Culture† is an idea obtained from social human studies and there are various and unpretentious various definitions. As every definition has impediments focussing on global administration the accompanying depiction of Geert Hofstede appears to be extremely useful. He characterizes the way of life of any general public as involving shared qualities, understandings, suspicions and objectives gained from before ages, forced by present individuals from a general public and gave to succeeding ages (Hofstede 2008). Culture is something shared by individuals from a specific gathering, separates people from different gatherings, is transmitted through the way toward learning and adjusts to outer and inside situations and connections. The universal businessman should know about three degrees of societies that may impact worldwide tasks. These incorporate national culture, business culture, and hierarchical societies (Cullen 2002). National culture can be portrayed as the prevailing society inside the political outskirts of a country state. Be that as it may, one must know that various societies can exist inside political limits and they don't really reflect social outskirts. For example, Canada being home to Anglophones and Francophones. Moreover, even moderately homogenous societies can have assorted subcultures, including social contrasts which are influencing the global business. In any case, as most business is directed inside the political outskirts of a state and countries can be characterized as political solidarities, changing in legislative, legitimate, instructive, institutional and work frameworks, impacting the manner in which individuals connect with their condition (Thomas 2002), national culture has the best impact on universal business being likely the most rationale beginning stage attempting to comprehend the social condition. Business culture, mirroring the national culture, impacts all parts of work and hierarchical life (e. g. , inspiring staff, haggling with colleagues, and so on and knowing it’s fundamental necessities (e. g. , what to wear to conferences, business behavior is more formal in Germany than in the U. S. with preservationist dim matching suits, and so on ) is fundamental for the worldwide administrator. Additionally, particularly over the most recent couple of years, individuals understood that the â€Å"culture† -idea likewise holds for singular associations. So may contrasts in authoritative culture might be one motivation behind why the merger of two in any case effective organizations fizzled. It is essential to assess the impact of authoritative principles, standards and systems to comprehend the reasons for conduct in associations. With shared practices, contingent relationship, being associated into and incompletely engaged with it, and so on authoritative culture varies in development and components of national culture. Indeed, even so understanding these social variables is central for worldwide administrators directing global business, they must know that â€Å"cultures† can simply offer wide rules for conduct, concerning case authoritative societies contrast inside any national setting and people change in each culture level. One can't anticipate precisely how every individual demonstrations, feels, thinks, and so forth. In any case, wide speculation about a culture gives a degree of investigation from which to start to comprehend the social condition and the complexities of social contrasts, since the board capacities, for example, arranging, sorting out, driving, and controlling in a worldwide economy need to represent them. As worldwide supervisors need to confront different social difficulties testing their administration capacities they should have the option to unload the way of life idea. In this way the fundamental ideas of social measurements can assist them with seeing how at least two societies may be unique. A fundamental ramifications of these systems alluding to global administration and culture is that social translation and adjustment are an essential to the near comprehension of universal administration practice (Morden 1995). The accompanying segments portray two well known models. Hofstede’s Culture Model This Framework, made by dutch researcher Geert Hofstede and dependent on an exploration more than 11600 individuals in 50 nations (beginning with 39 IBM subsiadiaries around the world), attempts to assess how essential qualities underlay hierarchical conduct. National contrasts are explored by five elements of fundamental social qualities: 1. Force separation 2. Vulnerability evasion 3. Independence 4. Manliness and 5. Long haul direction (Hofstede 2008). 1. This first worth measurement alludes to how societies manage imbalance and attempts to postion the disparity acknowledgment level by inconsistent force conveyance society individuals. In nations with a powerful separation acknowledgment (e. g. ,, for example, Mexico), individuals regard and barely ever sidestep formal pecking order positions (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 2. The subsequent worth measurement worries about the degree people in a general public are undermined by questionable circumstances. The social arrangement of a higher vulnerability shirking society is ruled by guidelines and rules, predictabilties and requests and individuals will in general be dubious of progress, while individuals from lower levels of vulnerability evasion social orders (for example, nations, for example, Denmark). will in general be less formal, take higher business dangers and plan and structure less 3. Independence alludes to the proclivity to fundamentally deal with oneself and one’s direct family, and afterward to the remainder of society (with the U. S. being a genuine model) (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 4. The fourth component of â€Å"masculinity† worries about the positioning of tradionally â€Å"masculine† values in a general public, for example, less worried for other people, realism and emphaticness, though â€Å"feminity† on the opposite side accentuates the personal satisfaction and connections. 5. Long haul direction societies are relentless and sparing (e. g. the way of life of China) and

Surviving Midterms

Surviving Midterms I’ve been MIA these past few weeks due to a second round of midterm examsâ€"I apologize for that! But I am back, better than ever! My midterms these past few weeks were definitely stressful, to say the least, but I want to share some study tips and habits that helped me get through exam season. 1. Attend lectures A big part of being independent in college is keeping yourself accountable to attend every class on your schedule. It’s easy to decide to skip class one day because you’re feeling a bit tired or not in the mood. Stay motivated and attend lectures to ensure that you are receiving all the information you need for your exams! 2. Talk to your professor during office hours Office hours is the best thing to ever exist, in my opinion. A lot of the times, I have questions or concerns about lecture material that I would prefer my professors clarify for me. There is a solution to this: Attend office hours! Office hours is a time when professors clear up their schedule for a few hours so that students can talk one-on-one with them about lecture material or anything else on their minds. I have developed great relationships with my professors during office hours, so I highly recommend attending a few of these! 3. Create your own study guide It may seem like a lot of work, but creating your own study guide can test your knowledge more efficiently. Writing things down in your own words can also help you better understand what you need to know on exams. There are other resources, like Quizlet or Anki, that can help with memorization and repetition! 4. Stay well-rested This is something a lot of college students disregard, but it is crucial to your performance on exams and in school, overall. Maintaining healthy habits, like eating well, getting enough sleep, and exercising frequently, will all contribute to your success in school. 5. Don’t procrastinate Last but not least, do NOT procrastinate. A lot of us, myself included, have this issue. It’s easy to put off work if there are no deadlines coming up. During this time, digest and learn the exam material little-by-little so that when exam day approaches, you will have been familiar with the information already. These are just a few tips that can help you on exams and classes, in general. Keep pushing through and you will reap the benefits soon after! Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

An Educational Crisis The Need for Informal Assessment...

Students are falling through the cracks, being left behind, and are not being educated properly; these are statements we hear every day about our educational system. Attempts have been made to reform and overhaul the educational crisis. However, few have been successful. High expectations are being placed on students to perform well on standardized tests so â€Å"no child is left behind† and schools are not labeled as â€Å"failures.† This strict discipline of teaching to the test is only harming the quality of education students are receiving. Informal assessment needs to become the primary focus of evaluation rather than formal assessment. Formal assessment tends to narrow a teacher’s instruction often swaying the teacher to focus†¦show more content†¦Informal assessment allows students to demonstrate their learning in a variety of ways which can benefit all students. It can include group or individual projects, presentations, essays, experiments , or demonstrations. Each of these can allow for â€Å"knowledge that transfers from one situation to another [which] is based on students’ abilities to understand central principles, see connections and make distinctions, and be strategic in attacking problems and analyzing information† (Darling-Hammond, p. 285). A variety of assessment methods allow for this to happen and for students to use their personal strengths to demonstrate understanding of the information. â€Å"Research into students’ preferences for alternative assessments shows that the assessments that have been positively evaluated by students were more authentic and thus made learning more realistic and powerful† (as cited in Brown, Irving, Peterson, and Hirschfeld, 2009, p. 99). Students should be able to think creatively and take hold of their own education and learning because they must ideally be prepared for a rapidly changing society where they must be able to adapt and formulate their own solutions. Teachers are able to provide feedback to the children so they know what was done effectively and what needs to be modified. Rather than teachers pressuring students to show understanding through a single examination, they will have opportunities to confidently demonstrate knowledge with lessShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Professional Training752 Words   |  4 Pagesknew that adults’ learning and assessment should rather be task-based. Consequently, problem-solving activities should be preferred. As for negative achievements, one of them is concerned with decision making. Indeed, Knowles (1975) views the adult as a self-directed person who needs to be involved in all decisions concerning his learning and/or assessment. Thus, ignoring this requests training. Another negative point concerns the true meaning of the term â€Å"self-assessment†. Indeed, our result analysisRead MoreA Suicide Prevention Center1187 Words   |  5 Pages If a person has a suicide related crisis, what should they do? A good place to start is calling 1-800-273-TALK. This is the National Suicide Helpline, and is an immediate resource to someone in crisis. Several centers around the United States maintain the helpline and provided suicide related services to their community. One of the centers in Colorado is Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center. The agency has been working with suicide related issues for over forty years and has many accomplishments. TheRead MoreRole Of Intergovernmental Organizations ( Igo s ) As Oecd, World Bank And Unesco930 Words   |  4 Pagesseries quality in higher education that every 4 years establish a diagnosis of the situation at each country and suggestions regarding the expected changes. â€Å"It needs to be noted that the circulation of policy ideas often takes place against the backdrop of a range of international and regional settlements, both formal and informal. These settlements are expressed in terms of consensus and conventions, and involve agreements and commitments that expose national policy practices to external dictatesRead MoreCore Functions Of A Counselor1685 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper will discuss the following 4 Core Functions of a Counselor: Case Management, Client Education, Crisis Intervention, Referral and their primary purposes. Discussion Case Management According to IC RC, Case Management is defined as, â€Å"activities intended to bring services, agencies, resources, or people together within a planned framework of action toward the achievement of established goals. It may involve liaison activities and collateral contacts† (Herdman, John W., 6thRead MoreProblems Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder1265 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolve: vocal with model, vocal with partial physical (touch wrists), and, if required, vocal with full physical (hand over hand). This client has not displayed any anxious, hostile or violent behaviour towards himself or others therefore, there are no crisis prevention strategies currently in place. Target Behaviours: †¢ Attendance skill: The client will be able to match a picture of his face to a card with his name. †¢ Task analysis steps: 1. Client is able to identify their own picture from an arrayRead MoreNonprofit Ceo And Chair Partnership : Developing A Cohesive Board1430 Words   |  6 PagesThis research was conducted in March and April 2016, by one-to-one qualitative interviews with the CEO and board chair of a NPO that provides support to homeless women who are pregnant and in crisis. Since 2005, over 150 women have been provided with residential accommodations, life skill classes, educational and personal counseling, stress management, and spiritual guidance with the goal of achieving self-sufficiency. In addition to residential accommodations, the organization offers graduates ofRead More1.Factors That Should Be Considered To Determine How Serious934 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors. Persistence of the problem includes determining if the learning or behavior of the student are long term or short term; behaviors and feeling states are not considered a major problem if they only occur occasionally, possibly du e to a family crisis, major change, etc. When considering the severity of the problem, how far the student is compared to his/her peers is determined; often being labeled as mild, moderate, or severe. Speed of progress includes determining if the student is making steadyRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Relationship Between Evaluation and Supervision2640 Words   |  11 Pagesfinding are then used to assist the decision makers in the future course of action. It is therefore done to improve the system or programme. Kurira (2012) defines evaluation as a continuous ongoing process. It is both informal and formal.’ The formal is done using set criteria while an informal in more intuitive during the curriculum development. Evaluation determines the successes and failures and suggests improvements. Dr Nyagah establishes that evaluation â€Å"is a process of establishing the extent to whichRead MoreWays for Explicating the Budgeting Process in Miami-Dade Schools1530 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Grim and Getting Grimmer This paper examines the ways in which a single school within the Miami-Dade School District as a way of explicating the budgeting process, a process that has both formal and informal aspects to it and depends as much on personal power and influence as it does on official regulation. Such an examination is important for several reasons, the most significant of which is that everything that affects the quality of education must be open to strict scrutiny. Such scrutiny isRead MoreThe Goal Of Educational Assessment1979 Words   |  8 Pagesgoal of educational assessment is to record, evaluate and enable improved student learning. The monitoring of student work, through developing understanding of key subject concepts and their achievement of syllabus objectives requires comparison against outcomes and standards. These outcomes and standards help define the criteria which is considered essential and relevant for assessment. Through correct implementation, integration, and reliability and validity, all forms of assessment should enable

On January 5Th, Five Days Into The New Year, Five Year

On January 5th, five days into the new year, five year old Jaclyn Miller had an almost fatal heart attack. She managed to survive the attack, but her heart had been severely damaged, and doctors said that a heart transplant was needed. That same day, Jaclyn was put on the National Transplant List for a heart. Although her small size and rare blood type made it difficult to find a match, her family still clinged onto a glimmer of hope. On February 16th, Jaclyn celebrated her 6th birthday at California Pacific Medical Center, one of top organ transplant facilities in the nation, under careful medical supervision. She was still fighting and still waiting for that perfect match that could save her life. On March 2nd, six year old Jaclyn Miller†¦show more content†¦With low inputs into the organ donor system and such high demands for organs, these conditions create a lottery system for many families to find an available and compatible organ for their loved-ones. On top of this, t hese conditions create the climate for an underground market for organs. Illegal and involuntary organ harvesting is a real crisis that emerges from the high stress perpetrated by the National Transplant List. Organ selling and purchasing is illegal in every country, except Iran. A kidney can be sold on the black market for around $262,000 US dollars while a heart can go for around $116,000 US dollars. This organs are harvested from paid â€Å"donors†, grave looting, prisoners, and executed prisoners. The people being harvested for their valuable organs run high risk, but the buyer or receiver of the purchased organ runs an almost equally high risk. People who purchase an organ will have to undergo surgery in unsafe environment. They also run the risk of receiving an unhealthy organ or an organ that isn’t the correct match. The fact that people are willing to steal, sell, and buy organs at such high risk and prices shows the value and rarity of organs. So many problems arrive from lack of available healthy organs. However, there is a simple yet controversial proposal, and it is semi-mandatoryShow MoreRelatedI Was The Best For Me998 Words   |  4 Pages In 5th grade, when we were given the choice to be in band, I was very anxious to start. We had to meet with Mrs. Jones to try a few different instruments before making a decision. I considered percussion and the clarinet (only because my sister had played it), but I really wanted to try out the trombone. In the end, Mrs. Jones decided the clarinet would be the best for me, mostly because I could use my sisters and not have to buy a new instrument. At the time, I was happy with the choice, mostlyRead MoreDisadvantages and Advantages of a Single Currency1679 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Euro which was first introduced as an electronic currency on 1st January 1999, where it could only be used for cashless payments. Then later on in 2002, the euro became a physical state, notes and coins. The intention of creating a single European currency was in order to make it easier to t rade across the EU, excluding the problems of exchange rates. However, there are two of the original member states that still to this day do not use the Euro; Denmark and the United Kingdom. They both agreedRead MoreMy Observation At The Landlord And Tenant Supervisor1360 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: This report is based on my observation at the Landlord and Tenant Board which is located 3 Robert Speck Parkway Suite 520 Mississauga, Ontario L47 2G5 on Tuesday, January 26th, 2016 and Wednesday, January 27th, 2016. Throughout the day at the Landlord and Tenant Board we had observed many different cases. In terms of location, the office building was in close juxtaposition to a public bus stop that had a route that lead directly from Brampton. The bus schedule conveniently operatedRead MoreLandlord Tenant And Tenant Board1355 Words   |  6 Pages Landlord and Tenant Board Introduction: This report is an observational summary of the Landlord and Tenant Board, located at 3 Robert Speck Parkway Suite 520 Mississauga, Ontario L47 2G5. Throughout Tuesday, January 26th, 2016 and Wednesday, January 27th, 2016, the Landlord and Tenant Board held many different cases. The office building was in close proximity to a public bus stop, which had a route leading directly from Brampton. The bus schedule operated every 9 minutes, and there were convenientlyRead MoreContract: The Legal Environment of Business and Online Commerce1233 Words   |  5 Pagespromises we are making on a daily basis. Last year I moved into my first apartment. I had never lived anywhere but with my parents and I was moving in with a friend of mine. We took our time choosing the right apartment and trying to find a good deal, an ideal nice apartment, but not too expensive. My question is: how many people take the time to read every page and every word of a contract before they sign it? I tried, but after you sign/read five pages, you just want to be done, and that isRead MoreThe Exciting Life of King Henry VIII1297 Words   |  5 Pagesof Placentia, Greenwich, in the United Kingdom. Henry VIII then later died on January 28th, 1547 in Palace of Whitehall, London, in the Uni ted Kingdom. His parents were Elizabeth of York and Henry VII. Henry became king when he was just eighteen years old. He was known for his love of hunting and dancing. (â€Å"Henry VIII†. BBC News.) Henry was known as the father of the Royal Navy. When he became king there were five royal warships. By his death he had built up a navy of around 50 ships. Henry builtRead MoreBusiness Study : Ecommerce Industry Outlook1067 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen replaced by the unconventional ones (Writer, 2016). It’s the era of new age entrepreneurs they are making the way bend for them because of their first mover advantages in the commerce space. A study on one of the most promising and upcoming industry of the twenty first century which has become so big in the underway that it is not ignorable. To evaluate the evolution this industry has witnessed with each passing day with respect to constant innovations, changes, adaptability, growth, visionRead More World War II Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagescountries. So Great Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand declared war on Germany the day of September 3, 1939. After this event, Canada also declared war on Germany at September 10 , 1939. Germany rapidly crushed Poland, since it had an incredible army with 100 infantry divisions and six armored divisions. 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At the beginning of the story Piper is at the Brussel airport waiting for her baggage. She was very worried that someone was going to catch her smuggling $10,000 of drug money into the country for her girlfriend, Nora. She started to help Nora deal drugs and wire money. Piper was at the Brussels airport when she realized she was just being used to help wire

The Rocking Horse Winner Short Story Essay - 1075 Words

The Rocking- Horse Winner is a short story written by D. H Lawrence. This story revolves around a young boy named Paul, and his wealthy but miserable family. Paul has grown up in a house where his mother has burdened him with the fact that the family is not as wealthy as some of the other’s in the neighborhood. So much so, that young Paul can hear his house speak these words. Paul has found a solution to his family problems by betting on horse races. He does this with the help of his rocking horse and his uncle Oscar, as well as the gardener. To everyone’s amazement young Paul has a gift. It is discovered that Paul has the ability to predict winning horses in horse races. Paul achieves this goal by riding his rocking horse profusely. The†¦show more content†¦Another similarity that both men seem to face is that each main character sin’s. Paul succumbs to greed as Mr. Brown interacts with the devil and the darker side of religion. Neither Paul nor Goodma n realize the adverse effects of their individual actions that untimely lead to their sad deaths. More importantly is the difference between these two deeply disturbed characters. Though both men end up on the same path of sin and death, both Paul and Goodman take very different approaches to their unfortunate causes. In The Rocking-Horse Winner, Paul travels down the road of greed. Unbeknownst to many around him until his untimely end, Paul was addicted to gambling. What the audience does not know is if this was for the money, or purely do to an addiction to his horse betting. Nevertheless, Paul met his untimely death due to his greed and addiction to horse racing. On the flip side we see Goodman Brown and his intentional drive towards sin. Or was it intentional? The author does a fantastic job of not revealing much information on what Goodman Browns intentions are with the devil. This could be left to interpretation from the audience. Regardless, we see how the effects of Goodman Browns experience that cold and dark night in Salem affected him. Goodman ends up a resentful and d ark man. Untrustworthy of even his own wife. Regardless if Goodman’s experience with the devil was either a dream or reality, the choices made thereafter were purely on Goodman. TheShow MoreRelatedFiction Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesFormat Compare and Contrast Short Story Fiction Essay Jessica Jack Liberty University English 102-B43 Outline for Compare and Contrast Essay Thesis: â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery†, by Shirley Jackson provide two contrasting uses of Setting in a short story which accentuate the importance of the element in a story. One author has the ability to distract the reader, while the other author creates the structure of the story. 1. Introduction a. ARead MorePlay Essay736 Words   |  3 Pages3 June 2016 Fiction Essay Comparing the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† By D.H. Lawrence, the two authors utilize symbols and themes to illustrate their stories with the main idea behind them both is that winning will not always result in a positive light. In the story â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, the fictional story is written about a town tradition in which annually they draw one person’s name to be the winner of the lottery. This personRead MoreFiction Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 102 B18 Fiction Essay The short story has been an intricate part of literature going back as far as it’s actual â€Å"writing down† was invented. Perhaps two of the most intriguing and somewhat tragic short stories is that of D.H. Lawrence’s, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† and Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†. With the classic theme of â€Å"luck† and what that means in each story, we see two very different meanings as these two stories unfold. In â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, we see the protagonistRead MoreCharacterization Of The Lottery, And The Rocking Horse Winner Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages 1 Running head: CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES Characterization in â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† CHARACTERIZATION OF STORIES 2 Thesis Statement The essay is based upon,†The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† written by D.H.Lawrence. The element ofRead MoreComparing The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson, And The Rocking Horse Winner By D. H.996 Words   |  4 Pages Fiction Essay By: Martin Bennett 6/1/17 Stuck between a Rock a Horse Race No family is perfect, family is family, their love will always be there. At least till you fall off a rocking horse or hit by a few rocks. What I am referring to are these two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner’’ by D. H. Lawrence. NowRead MoreThe Contrast of Two Great Short Stories: The Rocking Horse Winner and The Lottery890 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction The setting in the stories The Lottery and The Rocking-Horse Winner create an atmosphere where the readers can be easily drawn in by the contrasting features of each short story. This short essay will tell of very important contrasting aspects of settings in that while both stories are different, both hold the same aspects. a. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about an event that takes place every year in a small village of New England. When the author speaks of â€Å"the lottery† heRead MoreThe Destructors1014 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Copenhaver English 102 Fiction Essay, Thesis and Outline Instructor Freshwater Thesis Statement: Both Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors† and Lawrence’s â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, particularly the climax of each story, illustrate a powerful preoccupation with the ruining of lives because of a desire to control the material world. Outline: I. Introduction--thesis statement as well as introductory material regarding the two texts to be referenced. II. The Destructors--aRead MoreComparing Rocking-Horse Winner, Prussian Officer, and Second Best1666 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences in Rocking-Horse Winner,  Prussian Officer, and Second Best Works by the same author often show the repeated use of certain words, images, or plots. In five short stories by the author, D.H. Lawrence, differences between social classes are the basis for conflict and provide the foundation for taboo relationships. These five stories are The Rocking-Horse Winner, The Prussian Officer, Second Best, The White Stocking, and The Daughters of the Vicar. The inclusion of the motifRead More Use of Tone to Create Mood in D.H. Lawrences The Rocking-Horse Winner1820 Words   |  8 Pagesmood in his short story The Rocking-Horse Winner. His ability to create tone allows us to understand the characters of the story, and enables us to actually feel as if we are in the story by creating such a vivid mood. Lawrence uses the eyes of the main character, Paul, to show how he feels about the events taking place, and this in turn helps the reader empathize with the boy and understand the story. Lawrence also establishes a theme by allowing the audience to feel his story. He createsRead MoreFormalism : The Rocking Horse Winner, And Annie Dillard s Essay, Living Like Weasels804 Words   |  4 PagesFormalism Gaims Essay Formalism is a style of how content is presented over what is being shown. In Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critics, Brooks emphasizes how you should criticize content by the form and structure of the work. Formalism is seen through English in the way literary works are structured. Formalism is reveled in the American government. Formalism is also shown in the structure of filmmaking. In almost any work of art or content, the concept of formalism is applied to everything. In

Macbeth monologue from the play by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Macbeth monologue from the play by William Shakespeare Essay A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare MACBETH: Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee! I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw. Thou marshall\st me the way that I was going, And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are made the fools o\ th\ other senses, Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, Which was not so before. There\s no such thing. It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes. Now o\er the one half-world Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse The curtained sleep. Witchcraft celebrates Pale Hecate\s offerings; and withered murder, Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf, Whose howl \s his watch, thus with his stealthy pace, With Tarquin\s ravishing strides, towards his design Moves like a ghost. Thou sure and firm-set earth, Hear not my steps which way they walk, for fear Thy very stones prate of my whereabout And take the present horror from the time, Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives; Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives. I go, and it is done. The bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.

Chris buckner paper Essays - Psychology, Human Behavior,

Author Tim Lahaye tells readers how different people react to situations and what makes people upset. He explains the diversity of the world and how different people are. Many people come from different cultures, different religions, and hav e been raised differently. This book gives clear evidence of the different people and why they act the way they do. Through something called temperaments, which are ways to describe and explain someone's personality. As humans we are all made different and unique, so fully understanding someone else is basically impossible. There are always disagreements and opposing opinions about something. This is what makes life interesting, because without different personalities the world would be exactly the same , pr edictable, and actually very boring. In the book , "Why you act the way you do" author Tim Lahaye gives examples and evidence on why is is important to learn the temperaments and study others personalities. "We are i nfluenced to a large extent by our perso nalities", says Tim. Tim addresses the fact that everyone having weaknesses in their personality is actually a positive thing. This sets up opportunities for people to learn from each other, if everyone had the same personality nothing new to learn will ev er come upon us. If i struggle with giving but i'm really good at communicating then meeting someone with a opposite personality can help me grow as a person. They can help me with my struggle of giving and in the process I may find their weakness in commu nicating, now im in the position to help that person grow. Everyone has personalities, but what exact types do we have? The four personalities types that people have are sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. The sanguine, are the ha ppy people, they are mostly always positive and very friendly. They're usually the easiest people to get along with. The choleric, are more serious people, they're always working or focused on a task. In a spiritual aspect, they tend to always see a blessi ng in any situation even bad ones. The melancholic, are very analytic people, very smart and artistic. The phlegmatic people are quiet and insecure. They try their hardest to not offend anyone and stay away from any drama or tension. Tim tells his readers that it's impossible for a person to have only one temperament style. He also emphasizes how trusting in God's will allow people to be secure with their personalities. Realizing that you have a primary and secondary personality, and with every mix, people have different weaknesses in their personalities. Remember that meeting new people will allow you to grow in your weak spots by learning from those around you. One thing that can hold a p erson back from growing in their weak area is fear. On page 203. Tim Lahaye says, "Fear is the paralyzing emotion that inhibits or restricts normal feeling of love, confidence, and wellbeing." Fear is something that I dealt with growing up all the time. I feared disappointing people, snakes, roller coasters, but most of all i feared not becoming successful. I have always had big dreams for myself, and the feeling of them not becoming true feared me. This is the phlegmatic in my personality, the fact that disappointing someone else is on my heart more than othe rs. In addition to having the phlegmatic temperament I also feel that I am a Sanguine. Growing up I always had a very excited, positive, and happy personality. Making friends was it hard for me I was always smiling, laughing, and just having fun with the o ther kids. In school and outside school, I have always remained the same person just consistently positive. Once i reached high school the positivity just grew stronger. My friends would ask me questions like, " Why are you always so happy?" "Every time I se e you chris you're always smiling and laughing." I was even told once, " You might be the happiest person I ever met." So I would say I am a sanguine, always being the life of the party. I'm also very talkative, in grade school I got in a lot of trou ble for being the

Words Ending in -gue

Words Ending in -gue Words Ending in -gue Words Ending in -gue By Maeve Maddox An email in which the word colleague was spelled colleag got me thinking about English words that end with a hard g sound spelled -gue. Since only a few such words are in common use, learning to spell them shouldnt be too difficult. WARNING: These words start to look strange when you look at them in a group. Twenty-six common English words end with the spelling -gue. Variant spellings drop the -ue. The following -gue words have no acceptable variant spellings, not even in Merriam-Webster: brogue colleague fatigue fugue harangue ideologue intrigue league meringue morgue plague rogue tongue vague vogue For each of the following -gue words, Merriam-Webster recognizes variant spellings without the -ue: analogue catalogue travelogue decalogue demagogue epilogue monologue †¨ pedagogue †¨ prologue The OED, on the other hand, does not dignify decalog, demagog, travelog, epilog, or monolog with entries. It acknowledges the existence of pedagog, catalog, and synagog. Pedagog and catalog are listed among obsolete spellings. Travelogue has an entry at which it is identified as originally U.S, but no variant spelling is given. Synagog is shown at synagogue and labelled U.S. The OED does have an entry for prolog, but it has nothing to do with the word prologue: prolog: (The name of) a high-level logic programming language derived from Lisp, originally designed for natural language processing but now used in many artificial intelligence programs. I can write analog, catalog, and travelog without a shudder. I cannot bring myself to write epilog, decalog, or synagog. †¨ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsThe Parts of a WordWhen to use "an"

Cinematographic Representation of Violence and Abuse of Women Essay - 1

Cinematographic Representation of Violence and Abuse of Women - Essay Example Norindr main concept that he examines deeply is modernity and he stresses that it has been an ongoing manifestation of the omnipotent cultural force, an incomplete project in the West. As a result, Norindr examines the active participants in the transformation to be the ‘modern subjects’ of the emerging modern societies who are negotiating imaginative ways; their place in the postcolonial spaces in some cities such as Saigon. In his film vision, he identifies Tran Anh Hung Film which, although it had been shot from a Vietnamese ‘aura’, the movie is a selection of Vietnam that had lost its traditional innocence. Prostitution, capitalism, and torture are what the filmmaker wants to debunk as being the clichà ©s about Vietnam, similar to what has been conveyed in Vietnam Hollywood war movies. The film shows people living in hopes, ambitions, and frustrations engraved in a culture of crime, prostitution, and uncannily no respect for humanity. In his thesis, Nor indr believes that the violence, capitalism, and misrepresentation of women in Tran Anh Hung Film is a manifestation of emerging modernity that has taken the shape of Western colonialism such as the crime business which is evident in the film. Paul Narkunas is also critical about the life of frustration that has been experienced by the Vietnamese due to the influence of the West. Narkunas is very descriptive about the 1986 market liberalization in Vietnam and directly begins his analysis by describing Tran Anh Hung Film. Narkunas examines the economic transition of an eighteen-year-old cyclo, and the camerawork emphasizes on the diagramming of flow of money and bodies.  

Botox Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Botox - Case Study Example Botox is derived from the botulin poison and used to paralyze the nerves and thus movement in certain parts of the face, particularly around the eyes, forehead, mouth, and nose, creating an appearance that is free of the age associated wrinkles. This treatment is considered a luxury purchase in Canada and worldwide, though is reasonably priced at around $2000 for a 3-6 month treatment on average. Because of this, the proposed marketing plan will address the ways to increase sales primarily in the luxury market, while also recognizing that Botox may become useful in the treatment of other diseases, such as migraines, chronic pain disorders, or nerve issues. Allergan states that Botox has â€Å"has virtually changed the face of medical aesthetics† and the widest application of this pharmaceutical is in cosmetic related procedures that are non-surgical and relatively quick for the patient to receive. (Allergen, 2011) Nevertheless, there may be competitors or legislative decisions that adversely affect the Botox market, such as taxation in the United States that would target Botox treatments and other types of cosmetic surgery with a type of luxury tax. As this is not expected to pass in Canada in the foreseeable future, the wider issue would be the assumption of medical coverage for Botox treatments popularly. There is increasing use of Botox in Canadian hospitals covered under national healthcare plans that include the use of Botox as a treatment for migraines, but there is little coverage under these plans for cosmetic procedures. Because of this, Allergan should pursue a sales and marketing plan for Botox in Canada that targets the medical uses of the drug to the hospital and private practitioner community while providing additional literature on the cosmetic use of Botox to all practicing cosmetic surgeons in the country. The next section will examine the existing corporate strategy of Allergan to see how it can be supplemented or improved for Canada. A llergan It is clear that Allergan CEO David Pyott’s plan for Botox has been widely successful, and the company is already pursuing a dual marketing plan of providing the background information on the medical uses of Botox to doctors in hospitals and private practice in Canada, while building log term relationships with cosmetic surgeons and dermatologists who specialize in the procedure. The advertising of Botox in the professional class is largely established through word of mouth and the becoming of â€Å"Botox† a publicly recognized term, like â€Å"aspirin†. This success in building the brand identity can be considered the highest accomplishment of Allergan’s existing marketing campaign, and this brand identity will fuel future organic growth in Canada. Strengths The strengths of the Botox product is its cosmetic use, though increasingly the medical significance of Botox in migraine and nerve pain instances points to a large and growing market share. Because there are few existent competitors for this product, and because it gives professionals an advantage in an appearance oriented career such as acting, modeling, publicity, etc., the procedure itself can often be justified as a business related cost or investment. This aspect is also related to the inevitable fact of old age and the need of society to worship the

An Overview Of Metaphor And Politics English Language Essay

An Overview Of Metaphor And Politics English Language Essay The earliest study of metaphor can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose definition of metaphor as transference of lexical meaning for achieving rhetorical and poetical value set the tones for scores of generations in their metaphor study. For a long time, metaphor was limited to a narrow field of practical rhetoric and composition, and even considered simply ornamental in function. The advent of cognitive linguistics, put forward by Lakoff and Johnson, has exerted a dramatic change to metaphor research. Metaphor is not merely a linguistic expression, but more fundamentally a form of thought with its own epistemological function. Furthermore, Lakoff also advocated that metaphor, as a phenomenon, involves both conceptual mappings and individual linguistic expressions (1992, p.5). In modern times, metaphor is recognized as a powerful tool in shaping the cognitive world that we experience and therefore is indeed something that we live by. Acknowledged as an in dispensable and decisive feature of natural language, metaphor is so ubiquitous that no study of language can be complete without an adequate account of it. Weekly Radio Address delivered by American Presidents is a special kind of language report in that the Presidents, facing a great number of audiences at home and abroad, have to analyze the current issues and persuade listeners to support or accept à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ © their ideas. America is a county largely propagating democracy and freedom, therefore, the President is placed on a high obligation to make his decisions open to the public. It should not be taken for granted that once winning the election and taking oaths in the inaugural address, the president can rest easy and relax himself forever. Weekly address serves as a channel for American president to communicate with people, strengthen his power and establish his image. In the address, either for political, cultural or economic, the main aim for the president is to win public support and acceptance; thus language choice and communication skills are of high necessity in achieving political persuasion. Charteris-Black (2004) once cla imed that Choice of language in general and metaphor in particular is essential to politicians overall pervasiveness. (p.2). In other words, proper metaphors are of top priority in the well-formed radio addresses, which can not A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses only get the speeches running smoothly, but add color to the language and make it easily accepted by the audience. Barack Obama is the first black president in American history. So in order to consolidate his position, he should pay much more attention to strengthening his impression on people through public communication. The image of reliability, honesty, morality and integrity is essential to making sure his long-term success in politics. Taking the weekly addresses made by previous presidents into consideration, it is not difficult to confirm that metaphor is widely employed owing to its nature of vividness and persuasiveness. In addition, as a great art work of language, metaphor also contributes a lot to polishing President Obamas speeches so as to avoid the risks of directly noting something unpleasant. So the relationship between politics and metaphor is like fish and water, just as Thompson (1996) once asserted that politics without metaphors is like a fish without water (p.185). In a word, metaphor and politics are closely related in one way or another. Without metaphor, politicians may encounter a lot of obstacles and troubles in expressing their ideas to the people; without metaphor, the strength of the political address will fade; without metaphor, human language will only serve a role of delivering information. Take what Miller (1976) said as a summary, metaphor is essential to political inquiry, because it permits us to extend our knowledge from our familiar world to a region that is not open to immediate experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Metaphor is necessary to political knowledge precisely because the meaning and reality of the political world transcends what is open to observation (p.457). Therefore, President Obama extensively applies metaphors in his weekly radio address in that they can help to explain complex political issues, and Obama in this way can persuade listeners to accept his ideas, and influence their interpretation as well. 1.2. Goal of the Study Metaphor and politics are closely connected with each other. Weekly Radio address is a typical platform for the president conveying his political views and winning supports from the public. In the address, American president employs various tips, metaphor in particular, to make his speeches more accessible and powerful. In the past years, scholars both at home and abroad have made great efforts to study English political speeches in line with pragmatics, stylistics, rhetoric and syntax. But little 2 Chapter 1 Introduction emphasis has been placed on analyzing President weekly radio address from the perspective of conceptual metaphor. Therefore the purpose of the present study is to further analyze it in terms of the metaphor. We are expected to solve such problems: What kinds of metaphors are frequently selected in President Obamas Weekly Radio Address? What are the roles of metaphors in Weekly Radio Address? How do metaphors reveal president Obamas ideology meaning? By discussing the above three aspects, the author intends to raise wider awareness of metaphors and finally comes to a conclusion that selection of metaphor is to satisfy or realize the purpose of the speakers, that is, identifying speaker with the whole audience. 1.3. Data and Method The data in this paper is all Weekly Radio Addresses delivered by the current American President Barack Obama in 2010, from January 2nd to December 25th. These speeches mostly focus on discussing the important issues at home and abroad, and they are all downloaded from VOA website. As the main purpose for this thesis is to analyze the radio addresses in terms of conceptual metaphor, identifying or selecting the metaphors out is of top priority in the process. With the development of linguistics and science, Gerard J. Steen and other ten linguists have introduced a five-step procedure for metaphor identification (2002b); they are 1) identification for metaphor focus; 2) identification of metaphor ideas; 3) identification of metaphor comparison; 4) identification of incomplete compositions; 5) identification of metaphor mapping. (Steen, 2002b, p.393). Therefore, based on their theory of metaphor identification as well as Lakoff and Johnsons conceptual metaphor theory, the researcher will first select the conceptual metaphors from the data, and then classify them in groups for further discussion. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used in the process of analysis, so that the conceptual metaphors, as well as their frequency and functions can be measured in details. 1.4. Organization of the Thesis In general, the thesis consists of three parts, introduction, body and conclusion. The 3 A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses introduction is responsible for presenting the purpose and the macro-organization of the thesis. Some background information and the research tasks of the thesis are also included in this part. The body is the main part in the study, including four chapters. Chapter 2 first presents the history of metaphor study and then mainly focuses on exploring the conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson, including its categorization, working mechanism and systematicity. It comes to a conclusion that metaphor is pervasive in our daily conversation, no longer restricted in poetry language as before. Therefore, political language is also full of conceptual metaphors deserving our consideration and study. Chapter 3 gives a brief introduction to the Weekly Radio Address, and also explains its features and functions according to the varieties of public speaking. Chapter 4 discusses research design and research procedures. Conceptual metaphors from the weekly radio addresses delivered by president Obama in 2010 will be singled out and classified for special analysis. Then based on quantitative and qualitative methods, their discourse functions as well as frequency will meet careful investigation. Chapter 5 as the last chapter of the body mainly discusses the basis and the purpose for applying conceptual metaphors in radio address. That is, why should the prepared radio address choose metaphors to fulfill its goals? At last, the conclusion part is a brief summary of the above five chapters and generally restates the findings of this study. Some limitations and future proposals are also mentioned for further research. 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Basis Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Basis 2.1. Previous Studies on Metaphor 2.1.1. A Brief History of Metaphor No technical term or concept in linguistics as well as in any other science is born out of nothing. The notion of metaphor originates from the Greek word metapherein, meta means with or after (denoting sharing) and pherein means bring across. Although the researches on metaphor have a long history which can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle, a widely-accepted definition for metaphor has not come into being yet. In the era of Greek scholars like Aristotle, metaphor was only referred to here and there in the ocean of linguistic literature or poetry. At that period, western literacy, linguistics and critical traditions had been interested in the possibilities of differentiating between literal and figurative language. Aristotle, generally praised as a first thinker to elaborate the theory of metaphor, also classified language into rhetorical and common ones, and in his book Poetics (1951, p.71) he pointed out that Metaphor is the application of an alien name by transference either f rom genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Analogy or proportion is when the second term is to the first as the fourth to the third. We may then use the fourth for the second, or the second for the fourth. Sometimes too we qualify the metaphor by adding the term to which the proper word is relative., which indicates that the greatest scholar here identified metaphor as a figure of speech, using the name of one thing to refer to the other. After that, his view on metaphor has been largely followed by rhetorical scholars who also regarded metaphor as a displacement or an extension of the meaning of words (Ricocur, 1978), or an implied comparison of two different things (Feng, 1983). In addition, they also emphasized that an eye for resemblance was essential in making a good metaphor, and metaphor itself could polish language, make language more charming and distinctive. Later on, another slightly different view on metaphor, known as substitution, was proposed by the ancient Rome rhetorician Quintilian. It mainly stated that metaphor was formed by using one expression to substitute another equivalent literal expression (Lin Shuwu, 1997, pp.11-19). Therefore, both Aristotle and Quintilian have limited metaphor 5 A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses to lexical level, as a figure of speech no different from other rhetorical devices like synecdoche, metonymy and personification. But their main differences lie in that the former regarded resemblance or analogy as the essence of metaphor, while the latter shifted his attention to substitution or replacement. From 1930s to 1960s, a new view called Interactive Theory was put forward by Ivan A. Richards, one of the founders of modern, psychologically based literary criticism, to examine the metaphorical property of human beings mind and action and the structure of metaphor. He claimed that In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things active together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction(Richards, 1936, p.89). Therefore, according to Richards, when researchers are trying to find out how the language works, they are actually studying human beings mechanism of thought, emotion and other brain activities. Compared with the above mentioned two theories, Interactive Theory is much better and more authentic in that it no longer limits metaphor at lexical level, but shifts to the way of thinking. Whats more, Richards has widened the researching field of metaphor, not just in rhetorical or poetry d iscourse but in our daily language including science discourse. A new view of metaphor that challenged all these aspects of the powerful traditional theory in a coherent and systematical way was first developed by George Lakoff and Make Johnson in 1980 in their seminal study: Metaphors we live by. Their conception has become known as the the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson challenged the deeply trenched view of metaphor by claiming that 1) metaphor is a property of concept, and not of words; 2) the function of metaphor is to better understand certain concepts, not just some artistic or esthetical purposes; 3) metaphor is often not based on similarity; 4) metaphor is used effortlessly in everyday life by ordinary people, not just by special talented people; and 5) metaphor, far from being a superfluous though pleasing linguistics ornament, is an inevitable process of human thought and reasoning (1980, p.3). They have been convinced that metaphor is pervasive both in thought and everyday language. 2.1.2. Definition of Metaphor In terms of the several theories discussed above, it can be taken for granted that metaphor has witnessed a great revolution, from rhetorical devices at lexical level to 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Basis cognitive aspect as a way of thinking, and from poetry discourses to daily language. Its definition has also changed a lot: as in the ancient Greek, the word metaphor was defined as a novel or poetic linguistic expression where one or more words for a concept are used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept; but since 1980s, the essence of metaphor has focused on cognition instead of comparison and the locus of metaphor is not in language at all, but in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. Today, an increasing number of cognitive scientists, including cognitive linguists, are engaged in researches on metaphor. The reason is that metaphor study has extended to a much wider area, interrelating with human thought, understanding, and reasoning. Trying to understand metaphor, then, means attempting to understand a vital part of who we are and what kind of world we live in. So now one widely shared definition of metaphor is propose d by Lakoff and Johnson (1980): metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of mere words, but a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system; the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another; and metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action (pp.3-5). In addition, other scholars also put forward their ideas about metaphor. Metaphor is characterized by the conceptualization of one cognitive domain in terms of component more usually associated with another cognitive domain (Taylor, 1989, pp.132-133). Yu (1998) focuses on the mappings between the source domain between the target domain, stating that metaphor is a conceptual mapping from a source domain to a target domain with both ontological correspondence and epistemic correspondence entailed by the mapping (p.15). All the definitions indicate that metaphor is related to conceptual system and should be understood as a metaphorical concept. 2.2. Researches on Conceptual Metaphor In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or one conceptual domain, in terms of another. There are two main roles for the conceptual domains posited in conceptual metaphor: one is source domain, referring to the one from which we draw metaphorical expressions; and the other is target domain, referring to the conceptual domain that we try to understand. For 7 A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses example, in the metaphorical sentence ARGUMENT IS WAR, the word war is the source domain, while argument as the target domain; the concrete source domain is used here to better analyze the abstract target domain. Therefore, with the advent of cognitive linguistics, metaphor has witnessed a great revolution in getting access to the conceptual study. In this part, some researches on conceptual metaphor are to be discussed for the sake of theoretical basis. 2.2.1. Categorization of Conceptual Metaphor Influenced by Michael Reddys Conduit Metaphor Theory (Reddy, 1979, pp.284-310) (He put forward that language functions like a conduit, transferring thoughts bodily from one person to another), Lakoff and Johnson in their cognitive theory of metaphor subdivided conceptual metaphor into three categories: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor (1980, pp.93-112). Structural metaphor refers to the type of conceptual metaphor in which a target domain is understood by reference to the structure of its source domain (Wang Yin, 2006, p.409). In terms of its definition, there are two components and two conditions that are essential to compose a structural metaphor. The source domain and the target domain are the two components that must be two different concepts, which satisfy the first condition. The second condition requires that the two unlike concepts should have something in common by which the structural metaphor adopts to illustrate and comprehend the concept of the target. Again take the expression ARGUMENT IS WAR for example: Conceptual metaphor: ARGUMENT IS WAR Linguistic analysis: Your claims are indefensible; His criticisms were right on target; I demolished his argument; Ive never won an argument with him; He attacked every weak point in my argument. (Wang Yin, 2006, 459) It can be seen from the example that the words like claims criticisms and argument used for describing argument can also collocate with such war-related words or expressions as indefensible on target demolished won and attached. So we can come to conclude that the concept ARGUMENT is metaphorically 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Basis constructed in terms of the concept WAR. Ontological metaphor is another evidence to show that metaphor is not only a phenomenon of language but also a means of thinking and behavior, which is pervasive in our daily life (Wang Yin, 2006, p.410). The source domain in ontological metaphor always refers to those familiar things or objects in our world, which can be seen and touched easily, so we can know its function and qualities at the first sight, then it contributes to the comprehension and cognition of the target which is regarded as non-material or supernatural experience. Take the following sentence as an example. ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGS. Obviously, buildings are the most familiar thing that we see and have a direct contact every day, so their special qualities, such as the appearance, the foundation, the thickness, the possibility of construction, repair, destroy, collapse, etc., can be physically perceived. Therefore, arguments are metaphorically described as buildings, implying that a successful argument is similar to a good building based on careful preparations, firm foundations, good working skills and so on. Otherwise, it will be defeated. In terms of the ontological metaphor: ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGS, there arise many expressions as follows. We need some facts or the argument will fail apart. We need to construct a strong argument for that. This is an argument, and it needs more foundation. If you dont support your argument with solid facts the whole thing will collapse. Orientational metaphor, also called the spatialization metaphor, refers to a series of conceptual metaphors structured according to spatial orientation such as up-down, in-out, front-back, left-right and central-peripheral (Wang Yin, 2006, p.410). The specialty of the orientational metaphors is that they are not used in arbitrary but in a fixed way based on peoples experience and culture, and their cognitive job is to give an ontological status to general categories of abstract target concepts. For example, Happy is up, sad is down. Im feeling up/down. You are in high spirits. He is really low these days. The above four sentences prove that we can understand and express our feelings in 9 A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses terms of the simple spatial concept (like up and down), and the spatial concept itself is constructed from our experiences, that is, interactive with the physical environment. The physical words up down high and low here are no longer understood as the direction words as before, but used to explain and describe the non-physical phenomenon. 2.2.2. Working Mechanism of Conceptual Metaphor In the past years, different linguists have formed different understandings on the working mechanism of conceptual metaphor, such as Richard and Black interaction theory (1936), Lakoff and Johnsons mapping theory (1980) and Fauconniers conceptual blending theory (1996). Mapping theory will be singled out in this part for further discussion. According to Lakoff and Johnson, there are two cognitive domains in the conceptual metaphor, the source and the target, and its working mechanism is to map the experiences of the source domain onto the relatively abstract target domain. They also reinforced that metaphorical thought, in the form of cross-mappings is primary, metaphorical language is secondary (1999, p.123). Fauconnier inherited Lakoff and Johnson cross-domain mappings, claiming that mappings between domains are at the heart of the unique human cognitive faulty of producing, transferring and processing meaning (1997, p.1). Mapping theory is widely applied in illustrating how the two parts or domains can be identified with each other. Take LIFE IS A JONRNEY for example; figure 1 shows the corresponding conceptual mappings between the source domain JOURNEY and the target domain LIFE: Figure 2-1: Mapping Structure in LIFE IS A JONRNEY Source domain Journey Travelers Point of departure Distance Obstacles Destination Termination Target domain Life Common people Birth Process of life Difficulties Goals in life Death 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Basis 2.2.3. Systematicity of Conceptual Metaphor According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphorical concept is systematic as metaphor is to understand one concept in terms of another (1980, p.12). Based on the above analysis of the expression ARGUMENT IS WAR, it can be seen that such war-related words as indefensible, on target, demolished, won and attacked are used in a systematic way to describe the battling aspects of an argument. The conceptual features of war are partially transferred to those of argument, adding much color and vividness to the abstract word ARGUMENT. The analysis of LIFE IS A JONRNEY put forward by Lakoff also proves that full clusters of semantically-related words (the italic parts) are sometimes used with related metaphorical meanings. It goes as follows: He got a head start in life. Hes without direction in his life. Im where I want to be in life. Im at a crossroad in life. Hell go places in life. Hes never let anyone in his way. Hes gone through a lot in life. (Lakoff, 1993, p.19) One aspect needs to be pointed out that the very systematicity allows people to comprehend one aspect of a concept in terms of another but meanwhile it also hides other aspects of the concept. Just as the above mentioned, the conceptual features are just partially not totally transferred from one domain to another. Some other features especially those inconsistent ones are not selected out for cross-mappings. For instance, air battle, naval battle, radar-invading airplane, missile, field hospital and Military Area Command are all under the vocabulary of war, but they are not chosen here to systematically depict the feature of argument. 11 A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses Chapter 3 Weekly Radio Addresses of the US Presidents 3.1. Introduction The Weekly Radio Address is the weekly discussion of current events in the United States by the President. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first U.S. president to deliver such radio addresses, and then in 1982, President Reagan revived the practice of delivering a weekly Saturday radio broadcast which is followed by all the other successors including President Barack Obama right now (Wikipedia). It is a typical and important kind of discourse, as in the speech, the President usually announces many newly-emerged domestic or international issues, attracting public attention and responses. The address embraces a lot of useful and fresh information, ranging from politics, economics, culture, education, military service, to health care, etc.. Since Barack Obama made his inaugural address on January 20th, 2009 as a new President in America, his weekly addresses have continued on the White House website, showing his concern on America as well as the whole world. So it can be taken for granted that the weekly address is of great necessity either for the President who can build up his public image, or for the American people who can in this way enhance their vigilance and take current problems into further consideration. 3.2. Varieties of Public Speaking The Weekly Radio Addresses made my U.S. president can be perceived as a sort of public speaking for the audience around the world. Therefore, the varieties of public speaking are necessary to be mentioned here to illustrate the features of Weekly Address. In accordance with their general purposes, speeches usually can be classified into four categories: to inform, to persuade, to entertain, and to stimulate. 3.2.1. Informative Speech Information or information transition plays an important role in the development process of human society. In the ancient time, people could not have developed themselves without sharing information or drawing on the experiences of others. In 12 Chapter 3 Weekly Radio Addresses of the US Presidents addition, people in the modern world often consider information as a kind of power, bringing a lot of physical property and mental legacy. One of the major purposes for human communication is to collect, exchange and share information with each other, and so is public speaking. As for this type of speech, the speaker is required to convey information, or in other words, to keep the audience informed of something important and teach them how to deal with it. For instance, President Obama once started his radio address with a matter of doctors pay cuts aiming to keep people informed of its real reason and effect: More than a decade ago, Congress set up a formula that governs how doctors get paid by the Medicare program. The intent was to slow the growth of Medicare costs, but the result was a formula that has proposed cutting payments for Americas doctors year after year after year. These are cuts that would not only jeopardize our physicians pay, but our seniors health care. Since 2003, Congress has acted to prevent these pay cuts from going into effect. These votes were largely bipartisan, and they succeeded when Democrats ran Congress and when Republicans ran Congress which was most of the time. (12th, June, 2010) The above paragraph is a typical example of informative speech in Obamas weekly radio addresses. Furthermore, in the process of delivering speech, such techniques as discussion, explanation, illustration and description are of great help in ensuring that the audience can bear what the speaker said in mind and then really put them into practice. 3.2.2. Persuasive Speech The purpose of this type of speech is to influence or change audiences attitudes, beliefs, values, feelings, etc. or to persuade them to take some action. In ancient Greek, a famous scholar, Aristotle in his book Rhetoric and Politics (1954) once pointed out a reasoning formula known as the syllogism, in which ethos, pathos and logos were identified as the three criteria for achieving a successful argumentative speech. Ethos means the persuasive appeal of ones character, especially how his character is established by means of the speech and discourse. It is a vital factor in determining whether the speech enjoys a persuasive power or not, as only an ethical and honest speaker could present a truthful argument and win the audiences approval. Pathos is 13 A Study of Conceptual Metaphors in President Obamas Weekly Radio Addresses another communication technique and means persuading by appealing to the readers or listeners emotions. So in order to make the argument attractive enough, the speaker needs to have deep passion when delivering the speech. Logos stands for the appeal to reason. It is harder to argue against the argument built on reason and solid ground; and such arguments make the speaker look prepared and knowledgeable to the audience, which can in turn enhance the power of ethos. All the above mentioned three factors are of great necessity in improving the speakers persuasive ability when making a public speech. President Obamas radio address on 12th, June will be selected here once more for analysis: Im absolutely willing to take the difficult steps necessary to lower the cost of Medicare and put our budget on a more fiscally sustainable path. But Im not willing to do that by punishing hard-working physicians or the millions of Americans who count on Medicare. Thats just wrong. And thats why in the short-term, Congress must act to prevent this pay cut to doctors. If they dont act, doctors will see a 21% cut in their Medicare payments this week. This week, doctors will start receiving these lower reimbursements from the Medicare program. That could lead them to stop participating in the Medicare program. And that could lead seniors to lose their doctors. (12th, June, 2010) In persuading Congress to draft a plan to prevent doctors pay cut, President Obama first defines himself as a man full of sympathy, love and considerateness by putting on the shoes of physicians and the millions of Americans, and then presents several reasons to consolidate his argument. So ethos, pathos and logos are all skillfully used in this persuasive part. 3.2.3. Entertaining Speech As the name suggests, this type of speech is just to bring some entertainment or amusement to the audience rather than to arouse any serious response. It is

Free College Essays - The Setting of Venice in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

The Setting of Venice in Othello Othello is a fundamentally different character to all others in the play [1]. He is an outsider to Venice and therefore an outsider to the customs and society of Venice. In one way this is good for him. He is a renowned strong general who is much in demand from the Venetians. Rather than fight the war against the Turks for themselves, they hire Othello to do so, indicating that he is respected by the Venetians but not considered, as a civilized Venetian would be, above having to fight wars barbarically. This lack of cultural acceptance is indicated by the way Brabantio is willing to Îloveâ, invite to his house and ask him to tell battle stories. However, when there is the possibility of Desdemona marrying Othello, Brabantio is vehemently opposed, exclaiming; "Destruction on my head".[2] Venice is a haven of civilization, on the border with the land of heathenism and disputes. When Brabantio is told he has been robbed, he answers inconsistently; "What tellâst thou me of robbing? This is Venice; My house is not a grange." This not only shows that Venice is a quiet, civilized, uneventful place, but that its inhabitants (or at least Brabantioâs generation) believe it to be themselves.[ LINK TO 3] They live by a code of behavior and upbringing which views someone like Othello as barbarous, uncivilized, and almost amusing in a superior cultural kind of way. Every time a character calls Othello "the Moor" a sense of derision and superiority is conveyed and all the other feelings of distance inherent in Venetians.[4] Iago says that Desdemona is a "supersubtle Venetian"[5] as if the calculatedness of her thoughts and deeds were not too a feature of himself, which they certainly are. The implication is that civilised people are conniving and scheming people, and are in that sense understood to one another while this adds to the irony of the constant reference to Iago as "honest Iago". It also contrasts the Venetian way of social dealing with the open nature of Othello. Othello is clever, as his style and military prowess show but is to content of Venice he is na†¢ve. He is too trusting and misunderstands the subtleties of Venetian society it is the combination of his openness and decisiveness, pride and trustfulness that allows super subtle Iago to destroy him, powerful as Othello is. Free College Essays - The Setting of Venice in Shakespeare's Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello The Setting of Venice in Othello Othello is a fundamentally different character to all others in the play [1]. He is an outsider to Venice and therefore an outsider to the customs and society of Venice. In one way this is good for him. He is a renowned strong general who is much in demand from the Venetians. Rather than fight the war against the Turks for themselves, they hire Othello to do so, indicating that he is respected by the Venetians but not considered, as a civilized Venetian would be, above having to fight wars barbarically. This lack of cultural acceptance is indicated by the way Brabantio is willing to Îloveâ, invite to his house and ask him to tell battle stories. However, when there is the possibility of Desdemona marrying Othello, Brabantio is vehemently opposed, exclaiming; "Destruction on my head".[2] Venice is a haven of civilization, on the border with the land of heathenism and disputes. When Brabantio is told he has been robbed, he answers inconsistently; "What tellâst thou me of robbing? This is Venice; My house is not a grange." This not only shows that Venice is a quiet, civilized, uneventful place, but that its inhabitants (or at least Brabantioâs generation) believe it to be themselves.[ LINK TO 3] They live by a code of behavior and upbringing which views someone like Othello as barbarous, uncivilized, and almost amusing in a superior cultural kind of way. Every time a character calls Othello "the Moor" a sense of derision and superiority is conveyed and all the other feelings of distance inherent in Venetians.[4] Iago says that Desdemona is a "supersubtle Venetian"[5] as if the calculatedness of her thoughts and deeds were not too a feature of himself, which they certainly are. The implication is that civilised people are conniving and scheming people, and are in that sense understood to one another while this adds to the irony of the constant reference to Iago as "honest Iago". It also contrasts the Venetian way of social dealing with the open nature of Othello. Othello is clever, as his style and military prowess show but is to content of Venice he is na†¢ve. He is too trusting and misunderstands the subtleties of Venetian society it is the combination of his openness and decisiveness, pride and trustfulness that allows super subtle Iago to destroy him, powerful as Othello is.

Political Science Essay

†¢ State and local governments are directly involved in our daily lives. †¢ The story of states and localities over the past two decades has been one of transformation. They have shed their backward ways, reformed their institutions, and emerged as capable and proactive. †¢ State resurgence is exemplified in improved revenue systems, the expanded scope of state operations, faster diffusion of innovations, more interjurisdictional cooperation, and increased national–state conflict. †¢ Several persistent challenges dog states and localities: fiscal stress, interjurisdictional competition, and political corruption. †¢ The United States is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. The increase in population in Sunbelt states such as Nevada and Arizona outpaces the rest of the nation. Meanwhile, negative growth characterized North Dakota and Louisiana from 2000 to 2008. †¢ An outbreak of culture wars is redefining the politics of some communities and states. †¢ As a whole, the states are diverse, competitive, and resilient. Their increased capacity to govern effectively has been sorely tested in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Chapter 2 U.S. federalism is an ongoing experiment in governance. †¢ A fundamental question is, what is the proper balance of power and responsibility between the national government and the states? †¢ Actions of the courts, Congress, and the executive branch have expanded powers of the national government. †¢ Over time, the trend has generally been in the direction of a stronger national government. Beginning in the early 1980s, however, there was a resurgence of the state and local governments as political and policy actors. †¢ The power relationships among the three levels of government are described by various models, including dual and cooperative relationships among the three levels of government. federalism. The operative model is cooperative federalism, under the variant known as new federalism. A key concept in federalism is intergovernmental relations, particularly financial relationships among the three levels of government. †¢ The national government imposes certain controversial requirements on grants-in aid, including mandates and pre-emptions. http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml †¢Executive Branch The executive branch of the government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. The president, vice president, department heads (cabinet members), and heads of independent agencies carry out this mission. †¢Judicial Branch Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied. They also decide if laws violate the Constitution—this is known as judicial review, and it is how federal courts provide checks and balances on the legislative and executive branches. †¢Legislative Branch Article I of the Constitution establishes the legislative or law making branch of government. It has a two-branch Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives—and agencies that support Congress.

White And Hispanic Prisoners African Americans - 932 Words

The first minorities that are often discriminated against are African Americans, more specifically, African American males. As of 2009, Johnson (2014) states that 39.4 percent of blacks represented the majority of the prisons (as cited in Bowman, 2014b, p. 324). According to Hartney and Vuong (2009), African Americans are more likely to get less favorable results than whites when it comes to the death penalty, prison sentencings, recidivism, etc. They’ve also stated that blacks are more likely to be sentenced to prison, while whites are sentenced to probation. Blacks are treated quite differently than the white inmates. Some studies have found that African Americans expressed great concern over the justice system, and have distributed their fear by becoming angry and hostile when they become incarnated, thus leading to more violent conflicts. Not only that, blacks are more prone to be viewed as intimidating by white prison employees, which is why most african americans are kep t under surveillance besides the white and hispanic prisoners (Hawkins and Ross, n.d.). Prisons have also showcased different ways that African Americans are discriminated. A few examples are that white inmates were given better work tasks, while blacks were left with the custodian jobs. The prison system has also denied blacks of being able to transfer over to better housing and better tasks, which has led African Americans to complain about these discriminating acts (Hawkins and Ross, n.d.).Show MoreRelatedThe Sentencing Of African Americans1626 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans now constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated; that is 60% of 30% of the African American population. African Americas are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. â€Å"Between 6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. (Carson, E. Ann, and Sabol, William J. 2011.) Stated on Americanprogram.org â€Å" The SentencingRead MoreComparison Between Schools And Prisons1732 Words   |  7 Pagesevery year to incarcerate people from a community in Los Angeles . 40% of students expelled from schools each year are black. 70% of students are involved in â€Å"in school† arrest. 2 x black and latino students are twice as likely to not graduate than white students 68% of all males in federal prison do not have a high school diploma The yearly cost to incarcerate one child is $88,000 and the yearly cost of public education for one child is $10,600 The school-to-prison pipeline is exactly how it soundsRead MoreCrime And Imprisonment : The Higher Chance Of Recidivism1569 Words   |  7 PagesHepburn Albonetti 1994). Male’s recidivate more than female, (BJS). Both male and female prisoners come from different communities, families, but in the male population alone the criminals are sentenced differently. African Americans (63.9 months) were given longer sentences on average, followed by Caucasian s (58.0 months) and Hispanics (52.8 months) (McGovern, 319). Since African Americans and Hispanics are given longer sentences their recidivism rate is much higher than that of Caucasian . TheseRead MoreWhy The Incarceration Rate So High For Young Black Males?1428 Words   |  6 Pageswith over 2 million people in prison. African Americans account for approximately 40 percent of those inmates. Why is the incarceration rate so high for young black males? By examining the data and demographics, and the causes and consequences a g reater understanding will be gained as to why these disparities exist. As of December 2013, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the number of incarcerated males age 20-24 was 39,000 white males, 40,100 Hispanic males, and 68,400 black males (BureauRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Special Case Of Discrimination800 Words   |  4 PagesBlack and Hispanic state troopers have testified that they were forced to engage in profiling by their commanders (Prejudice Institute, 2001). Racial profiling often goes hand and hand with other practices by law enforcement, often the defining moments of the life or death situation for African-Americans. In three different studies analyzing the decision time to shoot or not to shoot conducted by Correll, all findings found â€Å"participants were quicker to shoot the armed African American than the armedRead MoreThe Prison System Of America1052 Words   |  5 Pagesand have plans to build more. The CCA also provides food service and recreational services to their prisoners, at a cost. 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Going to prison no longer affects just the individual who committed the crimeRead MoreThe Inequality Of The Prison Population Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesdemographics of the prison population. They stated that the people who are mostly incarcerated are people of color, predominantly African-American and then Hispanic men. Jennifer Wynn stated that when she visited Rikers Island and was waiting in the waiting room, she was the only white person there (Wynn, 2012). She later found that ninety percent of the inmates were black or Hispanic (Wynn, 2012) and that ninety three percent were male (Wynn, 2012). Although not as large as black men, there has also beenRead MoreAnalysi s Of The Moynihan Report s The Moynihan 944 Words   |  4 Pagestalks about racism and discrimination and how that comes into play with African American youth. He identified that there are five factors in a home environment that made a difference in whether boys would become delinquents: discipline of boy by father, supervision of boy by mother, affection of father for boy, affection of mother for boy, and cohesiveness of family (U.S. Department of Labor, 1965). Nowadays, more African Americans men have been leaving their homes or have been incarcerated leaving theRead MoreRace and Corrections845 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation (Rosich, 2007). Minorities have always had a larger population in the prison system and after the Civil War they were overrepresented in American prison. There are a few reasons as to why races are disproportionately which are denial of jobs, poverty, and it is felt that police have bias and African-Americans and Hispanics are treated differently than Whi tes. Correctional departments usually supervise inmates sentenced to probation, jail, and prison. There is so much more that falls into what