African American Experience Essay Example for Free

African American Experience Essay African Americans lived differently than white men did during the turn of the century. They faced many problems within the society. Some of the issues they faced were out of their hands. Although things were not the greatest all the time, there were supporters and organizations that they could turn to. Along with these organizations they had leaders that tried to help the race. Many African Americans became successful in the late 1920’s, and still to this day there are many African Americans that are successful. During the time period around the late 1870’s through the 1920’s many African Americans did not have good jobs. The majority of African Americans lived in the southern states. Many were sharecroppers who worked the land and gave the land owners part of the profit from the crops. African Americans were cheated out of money through this process most of the time. The African Americans did receive the right to vote before white women. African Americans faced many issues throughout these years. A series of laws were passed in the South to keep the African Americans at the lowest point possible in society. These laws were known as the Jim Crow Laws. Shortly after these laws were established segregation became legalized, and black codes that were abolished during the Reconstruction resurfaced and were supported in Plessy vs. Ferguson. This lead to African Americans being looked down on and equality far from reach. African Americans were not allowed to go to the same schools or drink out of the same water fountains as whites; they were even told where they could and could not live. This put a strain on the race and the way they had to live. Many African Americans were also stripped of their voting rights. In 1890 a poll tax was enforced. This meant that poor people, of both races, were not able to vote simply because they could not afford to. They also instituted a literacy test where you had to show that you were able to read and write. Many times African American college graduates failed the test, yet illiterate whites were some how able to pass. The responses to these issues were not good. They did not understand why they should be treated any differently from the whites. This led to riots and outburst throughout the country. After this, African Americans became the center of violent and cruel attacks. Lynchings were on an all time high in the late 1800s with more than a hundred African Americans being lynched per year. Law enforcement usually did nothing to stop these terrible acts and sometimes even participated. African Americans fled to the North during this time in search of better jobs and home lives for their families. Many organizations were formed during this time in hopes of ceasing the violence and bringing America to equality. Two of the largest influences were Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Both of these men had separate approaches with the end result being the same. Washington thought that equality would be achieved, but it would be a very slow and ongoing process. He wanted to concentrate on getting African Americans better paying jobs and a greater education. Du Bois believed that you should demand equality and stop at nothing to get it. He wanted better education, equal rights, and suffrage. Another well known advocate for African Americans was Ida B. Wells. She founded the anti-lynching movement that came into existence in the 1880s. This group set out to stop the violent acts aimed at African Americans. Wells’ goal was to make lynching a federal crime and keep the local law agencies from allowing and participating in hate crimes. White women from the North and some others supported this movement, but it wasn’t until the 1930’s that lynching became a federal crime. For a time, Wells published a newspaper, Free Speech. An angry mob of people burned down her office in Memphis, Tennessee and forced her to leave town. In 1891, Wells supported the strike of black cotton pickers. She was dismayed when fifteen of the cotton pickers were lynched. The whites sent a strong message that they were not going to conform to her desires and accept the equality of the African Americans for some time. With the end of the Civil War, the African Americans received freedom from slavery and gains some rights but lost many of those same rights a mere twenty years later . They had sacrificed much and did not give them up easily. Even though they were often defeated in court and often threatened with violence, a visionary group of leaders laid the foundation for the future successes of the civil rights movement. They founded important educational institutions and organizations to fight for civil rights and cultivated both a new generation of leaders and a growing number of writers, artists, and professionals who embodied Du Boiss idea of a talented tenth and who became increasingly active and effective in the 1920s. Almost a century later, African Americans are better accepted in society than ever before. There is less of a double standard and more equality thanks to the brave men and women who came before and strove to encourage, nurture, and raise their children to grow up in a more civil environment.

A Usability Study for Promoting E-Content Essay Example for Free

A Usability Study for Promoting E-Content Essay Electronic content or e-content is defined by creating, providing, and distributing information as a digitized content. It is produced and stored electronically rather than in printed form. E-contents use in education can be in the form of e-journals, e-books, e-research reports, e-lecture modules, e-lecture notes and e-lecture slides. E-content has a huge potential in future education. Many higher education institutions publish books, research reports, lecture modules, theses and other information for academic purposes, but they are usually in print-form rather than electronic. Although, there are compelling reasons why these printed publication should be in electronic form. E-content use in education benefits from hyperlinking, non linearity, addition of multimedia, portability, and automatic searching. Hyperlinking is where contents can be linked to other pages inside and outside the book. Users can determine the order of accessing information by non-linearity. The addition of multimedia in presentation has been enhanced by the introduction of information types such as, sound and video. The data density has also been reduced where, storage capacity is decreased due to less storage of printed contents, while portability of information has increased. Searching for useful contents is enhanced by the ability of the users to locate any information instantly via e-content. As a whole, the usage of e-content requires less effort, thus making it more easier than printed contents. The outcome of some studies suggest that the involvement with computers through the use of e-content can promote positive attitude towards learning and higher achievement among learners. Studies also show that computer based learning leads to a significant increase in in the learners performance in reading, computer knowledge, mathematics and grammar. There is a huge potential in marketing e-contents to students through the internet. They can take advantage of this technology in which students can get fast access to study materials at a cheaper cost. Promoting, publishing and marketing e-contents are accomplished through electronic bookstores such as, E-campus.com, Amazon.com and e-libraries for instance e-Library.com. It serves as a portal for the e-content community and readers who are seeking information. E-content has a huge potential in increasing the satisfaction of students as well as academics. Many higher education institutions are introducing electronic learning environment through the web to their students. It is believed that,e-content can help promote academics work worldwide and assist students to immediate access to lecture notes, modules, and textbooks.

Stock Market Shocks: The Great Depression and Recession

Stock Market Shocks: The Great Depression and Recession Stock Market Shocks during the Great Depression and the International Financial Crisis. ABSTRACT: This paper inspects the impact of stuns saw in the Stock Market on yield and vocation. Amid the Great Depression. We display three principle discoveries. Initially, an unfavorable budgetary stun prompts a decrease in the assembling divisions yield and vocation that crests around 11 months a short time later. Next, this stun has a much more noteworthy effect on the durables area than the nondurables division. Last, The Stock Market related to the economy shortcoming in 1933 and 1934 may have controlled the recuperation from the Great Depression. The discoveries propose that Stock Market shortcoming added to the length and profundity of the Great Depression. On the other hand, the spread of the worldwide Financial Crisis of 2008/2009 was quick, and affected the working and the execution of Stock Market. Because of the significance of this sensation, this study plans to clarify the effect of the emergency on securities exchange conduct also reliance through the investigation of the intr aday unpredictability transmission. Finally, comparing and contrasting the impact of the Great Depression and the Global Financial Crisis on the Stock Market Variables. I. Introduction: Recent occasions have highlighted the impact of monetary framework or the Stock Market disturbances on the macroeconomy. An extensive ensuing writing has analyzed this channel with an accentuation on the impact of disturbances to the saving money framework. (Romer, 2003) Notwithstanding bank disappointments, the Great Depression was additionally a time of noteworthy money related business to a stock stress, which may have added to its seriousness. (Romer, 2003) Roused by this perception, we present confirmation relating Stock Market shocks to real economic outcomes. We look at the impact of stuns reviewed in the Stock Markets utilizing vector auto-relapses (VARs) on month to month information for yield, job, wholesale costs, and a budgetary business sector variable. (Richardson G. , 2006). On the other hand, the recent worldwide Financial Crisis has impressively influenced the Stock Market and is viewed as the most destroying emergency since the Great Depression of 1929. (Treichel, 2 012).As per information from the World League of Exchanges, toward the end of 2007 the world value market promotion was more than $66 trillion and forcefully declined in 2009 to remain at $48 trillion a drop of 21.5%, which is equivalent to 27% of worldwide GDP for 2009. (Treichel, 2012) This emergency, which fundamentally started in the US market, spread quickly what's more perilously to created and developing budgetary markets and to genuine economy as far and wide as possible. (Colander, 2009) This paper will significantly examine the crucial consequences of the Great depression and recent Financial Crisis on the Stock Market. LITERATURE REVIEW These sources talk about circumstances and end results of the Great Depression which happened around the 1929 until mid-1930. Here, the creators investigations and specifies a portion of the circumstances and end results of this dejection that influence the United States as well as different countries too. It will likewise be survey a few measurements and actualities began by the Great Depression. (Foreign Affairs, 2007) The Global Financial Crisis is an essential part of Financial markets is to direct assets to their generally gainful utilizes, and when this capacity is traded off, profit endures and could have long term impact. The most immediate genuine impacts of disturbances in Stock market are on capital reallocation amid and after the severe crisis. (ORGANIZATION, 2010) The Great Depression as indicated by Temin and White, the first keeping money and banking emergency was brought about by exacerbating essential components, instead of disease among banks. Temin (1976) contends that the Stock Market Crash, the Dust Bowl, and the following monetary, rural, and modern discouragements decreased the estimation of bank's ventures and raised suspension rates. (Richardson, 2007) The exploration has demonstrated that the connection between the three securities exchange lists have been stronger amid the Financial Crisis that broke out mid-2007 than before the emergency. This outcome is clarified by the way that speculator alarm now and again of Crisis is more exceptional than energy Communicated amid development periods. (Gammoudi, 2009) II. The Great Depression. The Great Depression from 1929 to1939 was the longest enduring and deepest financial downturn in the historical backdrop in the Western industrialized world not only in the United States. (Rodney, 2008) In the United States, the Great Depression started not long after money markets accident of 1929, which delivered Wall Street into a frenzy and wiped out a huge number of financial specialists all over the world. (Edwards, 2005) Throughout the following quite a while, customer spending and venture dropped, bringing about steep decreases in modern yield and climbing levels of unemployment as falling flat organizations laid off specialists. (Edwards, 2005) By 1933, when the Great Depression arrived at its nadir, approximately 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and about a large portion of the nation's banks had fizzled. (Pells, 2014) In spite of the fact that the alleviation and change measures set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped reduce the most exceedingly ter rible impacts of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not completely turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high apparatus. (Richardson G. , 2006) The Stock Market Variables. The month to month stock unpredictability measure utilized as a part of the study breaks even with the month to month normal of unquestionably the everyday stock returns less the normal stock return for that month. (Chin, 2010) Figure 1 exhibits the monetary variables utilized in the study. Stocks rose significantly through the 1920s. It started to decrease pointedly in the fall of 1929 and arrived at its most reduced point in June 1932. (Chin, 2010).At its trough, the share trading system had declined by more than 83% percent from its top quality. In spite of the fact that the share trading system enhanced with the economy, it didn't come back to its pre-great Depression top level until World War II. The way for stock value developments recommends that the specialist sharp decrease in total assets may have exacerbated the Great Depression. Figure 1: (Chin, 2010) The Effect on the durable and nondurable good sectors. Stock and Financial stuns ought to have a more prominent impact on the durables merchandise part than the nondurables area. (Chin, 2010) We gather information on the yield and livelihood of these divisions to look at whether monetary stuns had a more prominent effect on the durables sector. (Chin, 2010) Figure 3 plots the employment and output of these two segments over the example period. Employment and output of the durables part declined steeply over the Great Depression, tumbling from top to trough by around 77 and 57 percent, separately. In correlation, the nondurables part was less influenced amid the Great Depression. (Romer C. D., 2003) Figure 2: Durable and nondurable good sectors. (Chin, 2010) III.The Financial Crisis The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) or worldwide economic crisis is generally accepted to have started in July 2007 with the credit crunch, when a loss of certainty by US speculators in the estimation of sub-prime home loans brought about a liquidity emergency. (Kapoor, 2010).This, thus, brought about the US Federal Bank infusing a lot of capital into money related markets. By September 2008, the emergency had compounded as securities exchanges around the globe slammed and got to be very unpredictable. (Kapoor, 2010) Effect of recent financial market disruptions The VARs amid the Great Depression to study the impact of the Financial Market sector stuns amid the fall of 2008. Budgetary markets were subject to a progression of unforeseen occasions amid this period, which prompt sharp unfavorable developments in stock costs and credit spreads. (Chin, 2010) The past results propose that these stuns may have a noteworthy effect on the genuine economy. Table 1 displays the evaluated impact of monetary business developments amid September and October, 2008. (Chin, 2010). The evaluated impact on yield and occupation are accounted for at the crest drive reaction time of 11 months and further on at year and a half. (Chin, 2010) The outcomes show that the Stock Market interruptions are evaluated to have a monetarily expansive impact on the assembling sector. At the top, these advancements are assessed to result in output and aggregate hours decreases in the fabricating segment of around 16 and 12 percent, i ndividually. These negative impacts are normal to be very constant, enduring admirably into 2010. (Chin, 2010) Table 1: (Chin, 2010) The Financial Crisis and the Behavior of Stock Prices As the explore of the impact of the late Financial Crisis on the conduct of stock costs utilizing the day by day returns of thirty one noteworthy US stocks over the 2007/08 period. (Rodney, 2008)Unequivocal mean day by day returns tumbled to negative levels, unequivocal instability surged more than two hundred percent, relationship between stocks debilitated and the danger lessening advantage of portfolio expansion rose. Beta danger expanded fundamentally for monetary stocks and the significance of business danger for them dropped. (Colander, 2009) IV. The differences between The Great Depression and Financial Crisis. The Monetary Policy and Deficit Spending Firstly, the Stock Market Crash is one of the causes of the Great Depression. But, in 2007 Crisis the mortgage issues was responsible for implementing the Financial Crisis. (Cukierman, 2009) Therefore, not the Stock Market. Before the Great Depression, the United States was under the extremely thrifty authority of the Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge organizations. (Cukierman, 2009) Both made solid strides to somberness and keeping up fiscal obligation. The comprehension of financial arrangement was straightforward: the central government ought to be run on an adjusted plan. The immense part the central government now plays, particularly as to Medicare, Social Security, Medicaid, and military spending with respect to the deficient expense rates we craving, is unsustainable. In any case, amid a financial emergency, private spending dissipates. This is tricky in light of the fact that shopper spending speaks to 70% of the United States economy. (Cukierman, 2009) In the 1930s, ther e were various economists who contended strenuously for a do-nothing arrangement. Yet as the Great Depression delayed and fallen in 1937 when preservationists were fruitful in having the national government slice the monetary allowance shortage (it tumbled from 5.5% of GDP in 1936 to 0% in 1938) they lost believability. Economists today for the most part accept that it was the extraordinary shortfalls coming about because of World War II that really finished the Great Depression. (Colander, 2009) GDP Growth Gross Domestic Product (GDP) development is presumably the best consider figuring out what constitutes a melancholy versus a subsidence. The most oversimplified meaning of a subsidence is when monetary development contracts for two quarters straight; notwithstanding, the seriousness is measured in genuine decay, not just by the refinement in the middle of positive and negative development. (Edwards, 2005) The economy was moderating in 2007, and fell by -0.7 and +0.6 in the first and second quarters of 2008, separately, however then tumbled off a bluff. The third and fourth quarters of 2008 were -4.0% and -6.8%, individually, taken after by -6.40% and 0.70% in the first and second quarters of 2009. (Colander, 2009) The fourth quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 were the first progressive quarters subsequent to the Great Depression that maintained development beneath -5.0%. (Edwards, 2005) Conclusion The relative comparison did in this paper was coordinated to check the conduct of the most synthetic and collected marker accessible between the Great Depression and the Financial Crisis. The Great Depression was additionally a time of noteworthy money related business to a stock stress that ranked as the deepest financial downturn in the historical backdrop of the industrialized world. The Great Depression started not long after money markets accident of October 1930, which delivered Wall Street into a wiped out a huge number of financial specialists. In addition to the impact on other variables at its trough. Firstly, the share trading system had reduced by more than 82 percent from its top quality and the everyday stock returns less the normal stock return for that month. Secondly, the impact on the durables and nondurables good sector that significantly had a crucial effect on employment and output of the durables part declined steeply over the Great Depression, tumbling from top to trough by around 77 and 57 percent. On the other hand, The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) or worldwide economic crisis is generally accepted to have started in July 2007 with the credit crunch that recently had prompt of a sharp unfavorable and downturns of developments in stock costs and credit spreads on recent financial market disruptions. Finally, the analytical comparison between the Great Depression and the Financial Crisis on the Monetary Policy and Deficit Spending that actually both made solid strides to somberness and keeping up fiscal obligation. Finally, the GDP Growth that presumably considered figuring out what constitutes a melancholy versus a subsidence between the Great Depression and the Global Financial Crisis.

Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process :: essays papers

Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process A student at Illinois Wesleyan University recently confessed to holding a morbid fear of parked cars. He said, â€Å"I’m terribly afraid one of them will roll right over me† (Hamel). The actual odds of a parked car suddenly rolling over him are extremely slim; however, that does not alleviate his fears. It takes this poor boy a great amount of personal will power just to walk across a street where there are parked cars. As senseless as a fear of parked cars may be, people constantly allow their lives to be manipulated through fears. Political figures fret for days, sometimes weeks, over the wording of a tiny passage from their acceptance speech; poets spend decades of their lives search for that one word to give an infinite amount of meaning to a poem no one will ever read; and authors hold back some of their most inventive creations due to fear of public response. The key is that people must be willing to set aside public opinion and write of the things in their hearts. Into the Waste Land In 1922, T. S. Eliot published a poem that sent critics into a fury. Attacking everything from structure to meaning, the public response was a far cry from good. However, this poem went on to become regarded as the most influential English poem of the twentieth century. The poem was entitled â€Å"The Waste Land†. Eliot was not without reservation in writing his poem, however. When first written, he was so displeased with the result that he scrapped the bulk of the poem. It wasn’t until several years later, not to mention several drafts later, that he was content enough to publish (Eliot, 35). How would modern poetry be different had Eliot not released â€Å"The Waste Land†? What would poets today be writing if Eliot had let his fears of public rejection persuade him not publish? It is not as if Eliot couldn’t have known how his poem would be received. A variation upon a theme is accepted; total rewriting of the theme is not. Eliot did what few writers are ever able to, namely, publishing a piece that was radically different from anything the world had ever seen. Despite initial criticism, people soon saw the work as more than a failure; they began to see it as the beginning of a new poetic era. Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process :: essays papers Fear and Loathing in the Creative Process A student at Illinois Wesleyan University recently confessed to holding a morbid fear of parked cars. He said, â€Å"I’m terribly afraid one of them will roll right over me† (Hamel). The actual odds of a parked car suddenly rolling over him are extremely slim; however, that does not alleviate his fears. It takes this poor boy a great amount of personal will power just to walk across a street where there are parked cars. As senseless as a fear of parked cars may be, people constantly allow their lives to be manipulated through fears. Political figures fret for days, sometimes weeks, over the wording of a tiny passage from their acceptance speech; poets spend decades of their lives search for that one word to give an infinite amount of meaning to a poem no one will ever read; and authors hold back some of their most inventive creations due to fear of public response. The key is that people must be willing to set aside public opinion and write of the things in their hearts. Into the Waste Land In 1922, T. S. Eliot published a poem that sent critics into a fury. Attacking everything from structure to meaning, the public response was a far cry from good. However, this poem went on to become regarded as the most influential English poem of the twentieth century. The poem was entitled â€Å"The Waste Land†. Eliot was not without reservation in writing his poem, however. When first written, he was so displeased with the result that he scrapped the bulk of the poem. It wasn’t until several years later, not to mention several drafts later, that he was content enough to publish (Eliot, 35). How would modern poetry be different had Eliot not released â€Å"The Waste Land†? What would poets today be writing if Eliot had let his fears of public rejection persuade him not publish? It is not as if Eliot couldn’t have known how his poem would be received. A variation upon a theme is accepted; total rewriting of the theme is not. Eliot did what few writers are ever able to, namely, publishing a piece that was radically different from anything the world had ever seen. Despite initial criticism, people soon saw the work as more than a failure; they began to see it as the beginning of a new poetic era.

The History, Theory, and Evolution of Magical Realism Essay -- Literat

The History, Theory, and Evolution of Magical Realism      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What comes to mind when one hears the word "magical"? He or she probably thinks of charms, spells, wizards, and disappearing doves. The term "Realism" may represent the everyday world-that with which we are already familiar. Could these two words ever be coupled together to represent one idea? Magical Realism represents the marriage of these two words. A name originally given to a new art form in the early twentieth century, Magical Realism evolved into a literary genre and now represents much more-an attitude, the window through which to view the world, a philosophy of life. By examining the history, theory, and evolution of Magical Realism, this term, seemingly an oxymoron, will make sense. The term Magical Realism is thought by most critics to have originated in the early twentieth century as a new art form. Franz Roh, to whom we attribute having coined the term, describes this "new" art form in his 1925 article "Magical Realism: Post Expressionism." Roh defines Magical Realism through a chronological examination of artistic styles preceding this "new art." The two periods on which he focuses primarily are Impressionism and Expressionism. Impressionism, which preceded Expressionism, focused on the artists' desire to portray something that existed in reality. An artist may examine the texture, light, or the shapes of an object. The portrayal was simply a caricature of reality, with no significant meaning or stimulation other than the obvious, realistic qualities with which viewers were already familiar. Expressionism, in contrast, sought to portray something with a very deep meaning, refusing to portray reality because it was too mundane and familiar. Intelle... ... Works Cited Chanady, Amaryll. "The Territorialization of the Imaginary in Latin America: Self-Affirmation and Resistance to Metropolitan Paradigms." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 125-144. Flores, Angel. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 109-117. Leal, Luis. "Magical Realism in Spanish American Literature." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 119-124. Roh, Franz. "Magic Realism: Post-Expressionism." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP,1995: 15-31.   

Mobilizing a Nation: America’s Entry Into World War I :: United States History Historical Essays

Mobilizing a Nation: America’s Entry Into World War I Works Cited Missing Woodrow Wilson delivered his now-famous War Message to Congress on April 4, 1917. Four days later, Congress declared war and the United States became a formal partner in the war to end all wars. As the Wilson administration was to discover, however, declaring war and making war were two very different propositions. The former required only an abstract statement of ideals and justifications and a two-thirds Congressional majority; the latter required the massive mobilization of virtually every sector of American society - military, industrial, and economic, as well as public opinion. The Wilson administration sought to accomplish this daunting task in two concomitant and interdependent fashions. First, it undertook an unprecedented assumption of federal control and regulation. The federal government established an array of bureaus and agencies endowed with sweeping powers to regulate the nation’s economy and industrial production. Furthermore, it passed a ser ies of laws designed to support these agencies and to stifle what it deemed subversive antiwar opinion and activity. Second, and of equal importance, the administration appealed to the public’s patriotism and sense of civic responsibility, effectively encouraging volunteerism in both the public and private sectors. Each of these tacks was bulwarked by a pervasive dose of pro-war government propaganda. In the end, in terms of raising an army, mobilizing the economy and influencing the outcome of the war, the administration’s mobilization efforts were largely successful. However, there were significant consequences to the government’s actions, most acutely in the realm of civil liberties, both during and in the aftermath of the war. One of the earliest examples of federal muscle in wartime mobilization was the passage of the Lever Act in August 1917. The act gave the president the power to regulate supplies and prices of food and fuel by creating two new government agencies: the United States Food Administration and the United States Fuel Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover and Harry Garfield, respectively. Hoover and Garfield operated with â€Å"virtually unlimited power† and used the implicit threat of federal nationalization to regulate prices and cajole producers into increased production and conservation (Zeiger, 72).

A research on the effects of birth order on personality family and society Essay

How Does Birth Order Affect Personality, Family, and Society? Introduction This research project will investigate birth order and how it directly affects one’s personality. This project explains why individuals behave differently within the family. According to the systems theory, families adapt in response to changes in internal and external needs and circumstances, including the development of individual family members (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). For primary research, opinions from different hierarchical perspectives will be provided through a survey. Depending on one’s position in the sibling hierarchy, personalities differ because different stages carry different roles and responsibilities. This research project will look at how each stage affects personality. Method For the primary research, a total of fifteen questions were asked to 6 people. Each of the interviewees was of different levels in the sibling hierarchy, i.e. first born, last born, the middle child, only child, and twins. In between each question, the subjects would have time to properly think about their next answer, this way results would be accurate and as substantial as possible. The first interview was conducted with a set of 20-year-old twins, this interview was the most interesting and had the most answers. The next subject was a 13-year-old girl who is the only child of her family, the interview lasted seven minutes. The third interview was conducted with a 17-year-old girl, a 14-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy, they were all siblings and would represent each part of the sibling hierarchy. Topics about the personality and how it affects relationship within the home and outside of the home were discussed. The topics covered were: personality traits and parent-child relationships. Results All of the subjects were teenagers specifically because they would be experiencing the effects of their birth order currently as they are still at home with parents. One hundred percent of the interviewed subjects identified with, and agreed upon the following characteristics and stereotypes: First Borns: High achievers Perfectionists Obsessive Responsible Controlling Middle Children: Very Social Generous Diplomatic Mediators Values friendships and relationships Somewhat rebellious Last Borns: Attention seekers Outgoing Selfish Creative Humourous Discussion This study is supported by Alfred Adler’s theory of personality development. Alder was influenced and inspired by Charles Darwin’s study of genetic evolution and adaptation. Darwin’s phenomena can help explain why children tend to differentiate their personalities and carry out tasks uniquely based on their own individual approach to life in order to reduce competition and conflict. Children influence most of the relations that happen within the family, they decide for themselves the role they will play in the family, parents only help reinforce those choices (Schafer, 2015). Some might deem themselves as the â€Å"responsible one†, the â€Å"goody-two-shoes†, the â€Å"smarty pants†, the athlete, the persevering etc†¦ Alder, who is a world-renowned psychologist would suggest that children be raised or treated individually; meaning as the unique individuals that they are. The primary socialization in a child’s life is determined b y the family. The family helps you gain a sense of who you are (Holloway, 107). If a child is not raised individually, with each of their stereotyped personality traits taken into consideration, it could result in a low self-esteem, conflict and possibly distance within the family. The Theory of Ego development, founded by Jane Loevinger discusses how ego is developed in three stages (Holloway, 105). The second stage of this theory talks about people understanding and accepting their individual differences and through that, distinguishing variations in feelings and emotions that make people unique (Holloway, 105). Most parents might not understand the psychology that is behind a child’s position in the family, which is why many children especially the middle child, might complain of lessened love and misunderstanding. A parent should feel responsible for the well-being of their child, but many of them overlook the importance of understanding the essence of birth order. 2 out of 5 interviewees described their relationship with their parents as normal without any real problems. The other 3 however, agreed upon the fact that their parents do not understand them and in fact treat their siblings and them the same and bringing them up as â€Å"one person†; saying things like â€Å"Be like sibling A†, â€Å"Sibling A gets very high grades, why is it different with you?†. It is a challenge for parents to understand their children and treat them based on their different characters and psyche, which is why most parents don’t even bother. Feelings of neglect and unimportance may arise within certain children when they compare their relationships with their parents to that of their siblings. Sibling relationships are one of the most significant relationships people experience through life. They help define our early social and cognitive skills. The emotional connection and protection that comes from a sibling bond is a great life satisfaction that helps reduce levels of depression. They can teach us about conflict resolution, managing social tensions, conduct friendships and handle ourselves in group situations (http://internationalschoolparent.com/). Gender also has a role to play in birth order positions. In the case of the first-born child, oldest males are more of leaders as they tend to take charge. Oldest daughters, on the other side of the spectrum, are more aggressive and confident, sometimes bossy. â€Å"Middleborns are the Type O blood of relationships: They go with anyone,† (Schipani, 2010). Middle children tend to be good at making compromises as they would have bossy older siblings and needy younger siblings. The youngest child of the family is usuall y treasured and in many cases treated as babies for much longer than their older siblings. The youngest siblings of the family also tend to stray away from taking charge and might be seen as the shy and quiet sheep of the family. The only children of the family are usually stereotyped to be precious and would be pampered as they have all the attention on them; parents would not have to split attention and in worse cases love between siblings because there is only one child. Many say that only children are more mature for their age because of the amount of time they spend with their parents. My research showed that the 13-year-old girl interviewed who is the only child of the family, considered herself more socially aware than her peers and is very much accustomed to and satisfied with her own company. Symbolic interactionism examples that a child’s self-esteem is determined by the parent’s appraisal of the child’s worth, this occurs during the parent-child interaction. It assumes that supportive parental behavior like nurturance, approval, and love all determine a child’s inherent worth (Adkins, 2003). The child will be able to confirm that his parents accept him for who he is and see him as a competent and worthwhile person. The more the parent interact with a child using positive sentiments, the child will positively act upon not just her immediate family but the environment around her. The theory states that if parent-child relationships are spread across equally amongst all children, all the children within the family will have an equal self-esteem.    Conclusion As proven by Alfred Adler’s theory, birth order does have an effect on one’s personality. As well as individualistically, a child’s position in the family can reflect on his immediate family, meaning sibling and parent relationships as well as how they relate to the outside world. If parents don’t learn to properly care for their children individualistically, conflict and feelings of incompetence could arise within the family.    Citations Adkins, K. L. (2003, May). Predicting Self-Esteem Based on Perceived Parental Favoritism and Birth Order. In Tennessee State University Graduate Studies. Retrieved from< http://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1907&context=etd> Schafer, A. (2015, May 5). Birth Order Theory. In HUFF POST PARENTS CANADA. Retrieved from Schipani, D. (2010, May 28). How Does Birth Order Affect Relationships? In Women’s Day. Retrieved from White, James Martin., and Margaret Holloway. Families in Canada: Social Contexts, Continuities, And Changes. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Whiteman SD, McHale SM, Soli A. Theoretical perspectives on sibling relationships. J Fam Theory Rev. 2011;3:124–139. What Does Birth Order Say About You (n.d.). In International School Parent. Retrieved from